Sampling Theory free essay sample

Questioning error, Recording Error, Interference Error Data Error, Which could be intentional, Unintentional Failure to contact all, Incomplete responses  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 7 ? It is critical to determine the target population ? To eliminate the Specification error as well as sampling frame error ? A cliche, however, definition of Research objective is critical ? Optimal definition of population ? Most research failures suffer from this problem! ? This clarity (or lack of it) impacts the questionnaire design ? Too fine and it is too restrictive, expensive and operationally difficult ? Too broad and might confound the findings ? But convenience not at the expense of appropriate research design ? Convenience is critical  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 8 ? Sampling frame ? Selection of the list ? Telephone Directory ? In most cases, it works fine as it provides a complete list. ? Sometimes it may not be complete (non-selection error) ? In the US, Presidential candidate was predicted on the basis telephone interviews ? MR firms (systematic sampling) Select a neighbourhood/ blocks in a city ? Every nth house is selected ? For Non-response, select kth house after this one, then repeat the process  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 9 ? Sampling Techniques ? Probabilistic sampling ? Non-probabilistic sampling ? Simple Random Sampling ? Sample members are chosen at random from the population – each member having equal probability of being selected ? Often names are put in a box and selected in random ? Vietnam war and December tags ? Probabilistic Sampling ? Stratified Sampling ? There would be sub-groups in a population ? Ensuring representation from each of these sub-groups  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 10 ? Probabilistic Sampling ? Proportional Stratified Sampling ? Samples for each ‘strata’ is selected proportional to the population in each sub-group ? Proportional ‘representation’ in sample ? Inverse proportional stratified sampling ? Also used in some cases, where a particular group’s views (although smaller) is more important ? Rare, but used in specialised research projects ? E. We will write a custom essay sample on Sampling Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. Many ‘area’ studies, it is carried out ? Disproportionate Stratified sampling In some special cases, proportional would mean some groups would be ‘under-represented’  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 11 ? Probabilistic Sampling ? Cluster sampling ? Different from Stratified sampling ? Clusters (groups) are selected at random ? Then all members are selected in those groups ? Faster, cost effective coverage ? Systematic Sampling ? Most MR firms engaging in consumer products research engage in some form ? Target population is identified ? Nth members are chosen (driven by sample requirements and applicability) Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 12 ? Non-probabilistic Sampling ? ? ? ? Judgmental Sampling (expert sampling) Snowball sampling Convenience Sampling Quota Sampling ? (similar to stratified sampling) ? Multi-stage design ? Different techniques maybe used in conjunction ? Depending on the nature of the problem ? It may evolve during the research programme  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 13 ? Determining Sample Size ? What is an appropriate sample size ? Rule of thumb ? 100 for each subgroup ? Budget constrained ? Comparable (benchmark) studies* ? Population Parameters ? Interval (Confidence) – accuracy of prediction ? Variance in population z.? x X? n z 2? 2 n? 2 SE 28 September, 2010 14  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta ? In case of Stratified Sampling ? Where each strata / group has different (Population) variance ? Where cost of each interview/ questionnaire is different for each strata ? Neyman’s rule suggests: size of ith sample: ? i .? ni ? i ? i k ci ? .? ( i ci .n i )  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 15  © Krishanu Rakshit, IIM Calcutta 28 September, 2010 16

The eNotes Blog Rewriting Shakespeare

Rewriting Shakespeare In yet more news of Shakespearean retellings, Random House is now set to publish a series of the Bards plays rewritten as prose. The RH imprint Hogarth has commissioned authors Anne Tyler and Jeanette Winterson as the first to release novels in the forthcoming Hogarth Shakespeare Project. The two will be rewriting The  Taming of the Shrew and The Winters Tale respectively. These are set for release in 2016 (alas, still far away), exactly 400 years after the Bards death. Hogarth explains that these new releases are intended to be true to the spirit of the original dramas and their popular appeal, while giving authors an exciting opportunity to reinvent these seminal works of English literature. And from the sounds of it, the writers cant wait to get their hands on these texts Tyler, who has previously won the Pulitzer prize for her novel Breathing Lessons, says,  I don’t know which I’m looking forward to more: ‘Delving into the mysteries of shrewish Kate or finding out what all the other writers do with their Shakespeare characters.’ Her counterpart, meanwhile, feels a special draw to The Winters Tale: All of us have talismanic texts that we have carried around and that carry us around. I have worked with The Winter’s Tale in many disguises for many years. This is a brilliant opportunity to work with it in its own right. Winterston has written both novels and BAFTA award winning scripts. Excitement about a new imagining of Shakespeares works aside, what are your thoughts on how the new prose form will change the way we think of Shakespeares tales? Will the inevitable loss of his poetic language leave readers wanting? Or will we find a fresh new way to appreciate these stories? If you were to rewrite one of Shakespeares works in this way, what would you choose and where would you take it?

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 27

Strategic Management - Essay Example culmination of activates that are often performed by the players in the market to design, make, promote and deliver these products to the final consumer (Walters and Rainbird, 2004). All the activities mentioned above lead to the satisfactions of the customer and they generally tend to factor in the needs of the final consumer. According to porter, the company can attain the competitiveness that it requires when it is able to successfully implement a generic strategy (De Kluyver and Pearce, 2009). The generic strategy focuses on the creation of differential products, focusing on the attainment of cost leadership and focus on the ultimate usability of the products. In the classification proposed by porter, the activities aimed at the attainment of generic strategy can fall into a class of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics marketing and support service (Ward and Mccreery et al., 1998, pp. 1035--1046). The aboveclass of activities falls into the primal category. The world is increasingly turning out to be very competitive (De Kluyver and Pearce, 2009). The competition among the business both at the local and international level is so high such that the success of any organization in the modern society has to understand the mechanisms of the market (Walters and Rainbird, 2004). The clear understanding of the market dynamics is important for the organizations that would be able to stay at the top of the business operations (Certo and Certo, 2006). Sector matric is one of the approaches that the organizations can use to stay ahead of the other by gaining significant competitive advantage by providing the organizations with the demand andsupply information. Sector matrix is an extension of the porter’s theory of value chain (Venkataraman and Pinto, 2008). It also incorporates the ideas from the commodity chain (Ward and Mccreery et al., 1998, pp. 1035--1046). This tool enables the creation of the idea of the market in the mind of a perso n (Nell and

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS - Essay Example Due to time limitation, this problem has not been resolved yet and therefore, the application still requires to be fine tuned to allow it to be run through IIS rather than involving Visual Studio’s internal ASP.NET Development Server. Currently, this application’s backend, SQL Server 2005, does not store any data locally. It simply contains two linked servers which are called whenever the application requires carrying out some data operation – viewing, inserting and updating records. Excessive communication with linked servers may result in increase of network traffic, hence, minimizing the performance of only the application itself but of the entire corporate network as well. Therefore, it is very important to maintain some part of the data locally in SQL Server 2005 in order to reduce the network load by minimizing the communication with remote servers. This can be achieved through re-designing the database involving three key aspects – data fragmentation, data replication and data allocation. Data Fragmentation refers to the process of breaking up the database into logical units called fragments which can be stored at different sites. The simplest logical units are the table themselves (Padigela, n.d.). Fragmented or Partitioned refers to partitioning of database into disjoint fragments, with each fragment assigned to one site (no replication). This is also called ‘non-redundant allocation’ (Padigela, n.d.). Complete Replication involves maintenance of a complete copy of database at each site (no fragmentation) and therefore, storage costs and communication costs for updates are main drawbacks of this strategy. To overcome this, snapshots – a copy of the data at a given time – are used to update copies of database periodically (Padigela, n.d.). It was not easy to work on this coursework as it was extremely challenging and

Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Essays - Essay Example There is no other better way in which I feel that I can express my inner self so very effectively. I get to know myself and find a way to understand my beliefs and interests when I listen to soul music. It also gives me so much comfort that I cannot find in any other way. This is also called improvisation; that is, expressing oneself through the use of sounds. Music is composed of sounds originating from known objects, but this composition is such that it is interesting to listen to. Self-expression through music is a long known phenomenon and I found it really working when I applied it on myself. And more specifically, soul music is that genre of music that I have found to be very soothing and rhythmically comforting to my own soul. I totally agree with Aristotle that the whole is much greater than the sum of its parts. Just like individuals belonging to different cultural, socio-economic and intellectual backgrounds combine to form integral parts of a strong society, I am also a combination of parts which I call experiences which have combined together to form the whole of myself. I was raised in a single parent household which taught me how to become independent at a very young age. This experience of being raised by a single parent inculcated in me much responsibility and concern toward my parent and household. I worked as a volunteer in a children’s shelter which told me how to be kind to the young ones. Serving in rural communities in Africa every year gave me the experience of practical and responsible life. Staying awake at nights burning the midnight oil gave me a sense of effort and toil to achieve my ambition. These are only the examples of many experiences that are integral parts of my life an d which combine together to form the whole of me. Through the addition of these experiences into my life, the total sum has been such a personality that is full of concern, kindness, love and care toward my elders, young ones

Día De Los Muertos: The Day of the Dead

DÃ ­a De Los Muertos: The Day of the Dead The Day of the Dead, or all souls day, is the official Catholic holiday following All Saints Day. The date of the DÃ ­a de los Muertos, is November 2nd. The date of this event is typically attributed to St. Odilio, an abbot of Cluny, France. St. Odilio wished to offer special prayer and singing to the Office of the Dead. The day was created in honor of those who died. During this time, there are three Requiem Masses, said to assist the soul of the deceased from Purgatory to Heaven. The modern view of death is attributed to the Aztec, as they themselves celebrated. They believed that after death, a person would rise though nine levels of, in order to reach their destination, Mictlan, the place of the dead. It was also believed that at birth, the destination of the person would be decided, and would not take into consideration how that person lived their life. It was also believed that the fashion in which one died would determine the region of their destination one would inhabbit. When the person arrived at the destination, one would either linger, awaiting movement to the next destination, or would transform. In the Aztec calender, two months are devoted to honoring the deceased. The ninth month was dedicated to deceased infants. The tenth month was dedicated the deceased adults. During the Spanish Inquisition of 1521, indigenous beliefs were fused with those of the Catholic church. As a celebration adapted by many Catholic nations globally, the central idea remains the same. If a person dies after living a humane life, he or she goes to Purgatory, also known as Hell (commonly known by this term for its slang uses.) After paying for their sins, by being cleansed in the Purgatorial flames, that person goes to the afterlife. If a person did not live a humane life, he or she would spend eternity suffering in the Purgatorial flames. It was believed however that the family of the deceased would assist the person in leaving Purgatory, by praying. During the DÃ ­a de los Muertos, family of the deceased often attends services, as well as creates an alter in their home. The typical the alter in the familys home is adorned with marigolds, the official flower of the dead, as well as a candle for each of the deceased. Incense is often used in conjunction to these items. Also, as part of the ofrenda, or offering, food is often prepared. The dead are believed to spiritually partake from the food, and the living later consume the food. In some countries, it is also common to view the play Don Juan Tenorio. Another common item is the sugar skull, as well as cardboard caskets with a skeleton which jumps out, and also masks, which are believed to show an expression which one cannot show normally. During the celebration of the dead, calaveras are published. These calaveras are similar to obituaries, except for those prominent in government or society, the person is often alive. The calaveras are published often in local newspapers in a versus style. They often will describe the character of the person, and what he or she has done for the comunity. One of the most popular pieces of the celebration are sugar skulls. The origin of these pieces are unknown, but it is often suggested, that they date back many centuries. The origin for the giving of the sugar skull, is believed that in ancient times, the human skull would be given as a commemorative. As this tradition grew, this became obsolete, as well as extremely unhygienic and grizzly. The sugar skull is believed to have been an alternative to this, having, in plain form, the rough shape and color of the human skull. In conclusion, the day of the dead brings forth a celebration in reflectance toward the dead. While the celebration is not performed in mass in non Hispanic nations, it is officially recognized by the Catholic church, which is responsible for a vast portion of religion globally. The celebration has been performed for many centuries, but is not commonly celebrated in counties from non Hispanic decent, such as most of Europe, and most of North America, with the exception of Mexico. Due to its vast importance in Hispanic nations, the celebration has carried out since 1521, and will most likely continue on past the lives of many generations to come. Bibliograpy http://spanish.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=spanishcdn=educationtm=159gps=343_145_1436_727f=00su=p897.6.336.ip_tt=2bt=1bts=0zu=http%3A//www.nacnet.org/assunta/dead.htm http://spanish.about.com/cs/culture/a/dayofdead.htm

Partner Abuse Essays -- essays research papers

Partner Abuse Table of Contents Introduction 1 Literary review 1 Sampling 4 Data Collection 4 Data Analysis 4 Conclusion 6 Work Cited 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypothesis: Do students believe that partner abuse is a problem on college campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Domestic violence spans the range of violent encounters and includes physical assaults, sexual assaults, verbal assaults, intimidation, threats, extreme emotional or psychological neglect and even death. The hypothesis of this paper is do students believe that partner abuse is a problem on college campus. To find out this I will include a literary review, which will include theories of why it might occur and prof from other sources. Most important a survey given out to Curry college students and its results will be included. I choose this topic to educate students on the violence in dating relationships. Literary review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partner violence is typically defined as an act carried out with the intention of causing physical or mental pain to another person. Partner abuse is not only important as a phenomenon in itself but also because it precedes marital violence and thus may provide a link in transmission of violence. Here are some theories that may provide some reasons how partner abuse occurs and the prof that it is a problem on college campuses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On theory of dating violence is the social learning theory. This theory examines the effects of either experiencing abuse as child or witnessing abusive between one's parents. Reachers of dating violence have found that there is a history of abuse is related to later involvement in an abusive relationship for both males and females. Also, found that having been abused as a child predicted later involvement in abuse for women but not for men. Abusive men were more likely to have witnessed violence between their parents than were women in an abusive marriage. Similarly, found that although more abused wives, they still were less likely to have witnessed marital violence than had non husbands. Therefore, although a history of either witnessing or experiencing abuse seems of either witnessing or experience abuse seems prevalent between men and women in abusive relationships, the exact nature of that influence on men and women remains unclear. (Alexander, Pamela C Journal of marria... ...o abusive situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two most important findings that support my hypothesis. The first was that 75% of the surveyed stated that yes they have seen an incident of abuse either physical or verbal on campus. The second was that 60% of the student surveyed felt it was a problem on Curry colleges campuses. It has been shown in this paper that domestic abuse in the form of partner abuse is a problem on college campuses. I feel that this topic should be researched more widely and should be dealt with. Work Cited Alexander, Pamela C. Journal of marriage and the family What is transmitted in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  interggenerational transition of violence. 53, August 1991: p657-667 Caulfield, Marie B Journal of interpersonal violence The Assessment of dating aggression:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empirical evaluation of the conflict tactics scale v7 n3 sep. 1992: p350-64 Deacon, James Maclean's Sexes what is ‘abuse'? v106 February /22/ 93 p54 LeJeune, Chad Journal of interpersonal violence Taking Responsibility: sex differences in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reporting dating violence v.9 n.2 p181-94 1995